Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in thymocyte lysates (Fig. 1B). A comparable phenomenon was observed in ex vivo splenic T cells (data not shown). The association of PAG with Csk was also examined (Fig. 1A, center panel). We discovered that significantamounts of Csk have been linked with PAG in unstimulated mouse thymocytes (Fig. 1A, lane 1). Nonetheless, this interaction was speedily eliminated following antigen receptor stimulation (Fig. 1A, lanes two to 5). Therefore, these findings demonstrated that the reduction in PAG tyrosine phosphorylation and association with Csk seen in PD-L1/CD274 Proteins Formulation response to TCR engagement occurred in standard mouse T cells. Expression of wild-type and phosphorylation-defective PAG molecules in normal mouse T cells. Taking into consideration these observations, we addressed further the function of PAG, and also the influence of its tyrosine phosphorylation, in the regulation of T-cell activation. To this finish, making use of a CD2 promoter-driven construct, a variety of PAG polypeptides have been expressed in transgenic mice. Along with wild-type PAG, we studied phosphorylationdefective PAG mutants in which either all nine tyrosines inside the cytoplasmic region, or the main Csk-binding B7-H2/CD275 Proteins Biological Activity internet site (Y314) alone (two, 20, 30), have been mutated to phenylalanines. The two PAG mutants were chosen with all the expectation that they could also behave as dominant-negative molecules and aid establish the function of endogenous PAG polypeptides in T-cell functions. The expression of dominant-negative variants of signaling molecules in transgenic mice has been validated as a valuable tool to elucidate the biochemical pathways regulating T-cell activation (5). In maintaining using the reality that the CD2 promoter is active both in immature and in mature T cells, the distinct PAG polypeptides had been found to be overexpressed in thymocytes, splenic T cells, and lymph node T cells (Fig. 2A and data not shown). The capacity from the PAG molecules to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation and associate with Csk was examined initial (Fig. 2B and C). We identified that thymocytes overexpressing wild-type PAG (lanes 2) contained greater amounts of tyrosine-phosphorylated PAG (leading panels) and PAG-associated Csk (second in the leading) than handle thymocytes (lanes 1). On the other hand, no such increases had been observed in thymocytes expressing PAG Y314F (Fig. 2B, lane 3) or PAG 9Y3F (Fig. 2C, lane three). Although a little enhancement of PAG tyrosine phosphorylation andDAVIDSON ET AL.MOL. CELL. BIOL.FIG. two. Overexpression of wild-type PAG and dominant-negative PAG mutants in transgenic mice. (A) Overexpression of PAG in several T-cell populations. Purified T cells from regular manage mice or transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type PAG (PAG wt) were probed by immunoblotting of total cell lysates with anti-PAG. Flow cytometry analyses confirmed that 90 of cells in all preparations were T cells (information not shown). Related results had been obtained with transgenic mice expressing PAG Y314F and PAG 9Y3F (data not shown). (B and C) Tyrosine phosphorylation of PAG and its association with Csk. PAG was immunoprecipitated from lipid raft fractions isolated from thymocytes on the indicated mice, and its tyrosine phosphorylation was determined by immunoblotting with anti-P.tyr antibodies (top panels). The association of PAG with Csk was ascertained by reprobing in the immunoblot membrane with anti-Csk (second panels in the best) or by immunoblotting of anti-Csk immunoprecipitates with anti-PAG (third panels from the leading). The abundance of PAG (fourth panels in the prime) and Csk (f.
