D 7.five , respectively.100Injury area/Total lung location ( )80 70 60 50 40 30 20 ten 0 Manage PQ PQ + CP (1.five mg/kg) PQ + CP (15 mg/kg) PQ + CP (30 mg/kg)Figure three. Region of lung injury on microcomputed tomography images. Cyclophosphamide (CP) suppressed the area of injury compared to that in the paraquat (PQ) group. a p 0.05 in comparison to the paraquat group.PQ-intoxicated sufferers [7-10,18]. CP includes a wide selection of immunomodulatory effects, which influence virtually all components of your cellular and humoral immune response and lessen the severity of inflammation. In early research, higher doses of CP developed leukopenia in 1 to 2 weeks and reduced the severity of PQ-related inflammation in poisoned sufferers, suggesting that immunomodulatory agents are beneficial tools for treating serious PQ intoxication [19,20].Oleuropein Apoptosis It is also interesting that high doses of CP (200 mg/kg) have the prospective to result in fatal lung injuries [13,14]. On the other hand, this locating has generated controversy, plus the proper dose of CP and its anti-inflammatory mechanism in the treatment off PQ intoxication stay unknown. Clinical studies have suggested a CP dose of 15 mg/kg, even though some research have shown that a reduced dose (five mg/kg) can lower the clinical severity of PQ intoxication [8,18,19]. No studies have compared thewww.kjim.orghttp://dx.doi.org/10.Hederagenin Biological Activity 3904/kjim.2013.28.4.Choi JS, et al. Cyclophosphamide in paraquat poisoningTable two. Morphological evidence of lung injury right after no therapy, paraquat injection, and paraquat and cyclophosphamide injectionsControl Hemorrhage Cellular infiltration Alveolar septum thickness 0 0.PMID:24065671 three 0.57 0PQ (35 mg/kg) 0.two 0.45 1.8 0.84 1.6 0.PQ + CP (1.five mg/kg) 0 1.0 0.b bPQ + CP (15 mg/kg) 0.1 0.2 1. 0.20 0.2 0.b bPQ + CP (30 mg/kg) 0 0.six 0.19 0.1 b b,cp valuea 0.366 0.015 0.0.2 0.Values are presented as imply SD. PQ, paraquat; CP, cyclophosphamide. a Kruskal-Wallis test. b p 0.05 in comparison with the PQ group. c p 0.05 compared to the PQ + CP 1.5 group.Table three. Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in the lung tissues and transforming development factor-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor- within the blood right after no therapy, paraquat injection, and paraquat and cyclophosphamide injectionsControl SOD, U/g protein Catalase, U/g protein TGF-1, ng/g protein IL-6, pg/g protein TNF-, pg/g protein 139.8 32.8 19.9 ten.6 six.three 0.5 13.3 two.two 1.1 0.PQ (35 mg/kg) 35.8 five.9b 2.9 1.b bPQ + CP (1.five mg/kg) 103.8 58.1c 7.three four.8 eight.six 1.5 14.9 1.b b c cPQ + CP (15 mg/kg) 185.9 62.3c 7.7 3.9 six.8 1.six 14.8 two.0 1.3 0.cPQ + CP (30 mg/kg) 177.1 131.9c 17.two eight.cp valuea 0.014 0.003 0.016 0.eight.8 1.0 13.two 0.7 1.2 0.7.four 0.7 14.7 1.2 1.4 0.c1.three 0.0.Values are presented as imply SD. PQ, paraquat; CP, cyclophosphamide. a Kruskal-Wallis test. b p 0.05 when compared with the handle group. c p 0.05 in comparison with the PQ group.effects of many CP doses on the severity of PQ intoxication. We measured SOD and catalase activities within the whole lung because we believe that the levels of ROS-related enzymes reflect the extent of PQ-induced lung injury. In our study, 1.5 mg/kg CP elevated SOD activity in comparison to the PQ-treated group. The SOD activity elevated more with 15 mg/kg CP than with 1.five mg/kg CP, whilst there was no difference involving the animals receiving 15 and 30 mg/kg CP. Catalase activity was alleviated utilizing CP doses 15 mg/kg. This supports the concept that an anti-inf lammatory agent can suppress ROS-induced inflammation and boost antioxidant enzyme levels. This obtaining can also be consiste.
